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The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead (),〔The operation began in the midst of celebrating the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah; the name "Cast Lead" (, (:ofeʁet jetsuka)) is a famous phrase from Israel's national poet Hayim Nahman Bialik's popular Hebrew children's song "Likhvod haḤanukkah" (). In the song (see article in the Hebrew Wikipedia), the child narrator is given a dreidel made of cast lead. See “(Operation Cast Lead ),” in: , on Google Books; Gavriely-Nuri, (mi‘Shlom haGalil’ le‘Oferet Yetzuka’: hashemot shel mivtze'ei Tzahal ), “30 shana leMilkhemet Levanon haRishona: mabat mekhudash” (conference), 3rd session: yitzugei Levanon vehamilkhama batarbut haYisre'elit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem - The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, The Department of International Relation and The Department of Communication and Journalism, May 2, 2012, 1:05:52 ff. (lecture begins at 56:25) (Hebrew).〕 also known as the Gaza Massacre () and the Battle of al-Furqan () by Hamas,〔(... the Cast Lead Operation or al-Furqan Battle as named by Israel and Hamas respectively ... ) Secondary source, book ''Studies on the Israeli Aggression on Gaza Strip: Cast Lead Operation / Al-Furqan Battle'' by Abdul-Hameed al-Kayyali Published in: 2009〕 was a three-week armed conflict between Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Israel that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 in a unilateral ceasefire. Israel's stated goal was to stop rocket fire into Israel〔(Q&A: Gaza conflict ), BBC 18-01-2009〕 and weapons smuggling into the Gaza strip.〔(Israeli troops exiting Gaza; Hamas ceases fire ), Cleveland News 18-01-2009〕〔Bright, Arthur. (Israel set to launch ‘limited operation’ in Gaza ), The Christian Science Monitor, December 26, 2008.〕 Israeli forces attacked police stations, military targets including weapons caches and suspected rocket firing teams, as well as political and administrative institutions in the opening assault, striking in the densely populated cities of Gaza, Khan Yunis and Rafah. After hostilities broke out, Palestinian groups fired rockets in response to what they characterized as "massacres".〔 An Israeli ground invasion began on January 3. Infantry commanders were given an unprecedented level of access to coordinate with air, naval, artillery, intelligence, and combat engineering units during this second phase. Various new technologies and hardware were also introduced. On January 5, the IDF began operating in the densely populated urban centers of Gaza. During the last week of the offensive (from 12 January), Israel mostly hit targets it had damaged before and struck Palestinian rocket-launching units.〔 Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against civilian targets in southern Israel, reaching the major cities of Beersheba and Ashdod for the first time during the conflict.〔(Rockets land east of Ashdod ) ''Ynetnews'', December 28, 2008; (Rockets reach Beersheba, cause damage ), ''Ynetnews'', December 30, 2008.〕 Israeli politicians ultimately decided against striking deeper within Gaza amid concerns of higher casualties on both sides and rising international criticism. The conflict ended on January 18, when Israel first declared a unilateral ceasefire, followed by Hamas' announcing a one-week ceasefire twelve hours later. Israel completed its withdrawal on January 21.〔(Hamas, Israel set independent cease-fires ), CNN International; (Last Israeli troops 'leave Gaza' ), BBC News, January 21, 2009.〕 The conflict resulted in between 1,166 and 1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths (4 from friendly fire).〔Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. (Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza )〕 According to the Shin Bet, after the conflict, there was a decrease in Palestinian rocket attacks.〔Israeli Security Agency (2010 Annual Summary – Data and Trends in Terrorism )〕 In September 2009, a UN special mission, headed by the South African Justice Richard Goldstone, produced a report accusing both Palestinian militants and the IDF of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity, and recommended bringing those responsible to justice.〔(UN condemns 'war crimes' in Gaza ), BBC News, September 15, 2009.〕 In January 2010, the Israeli government released a response criticizing the Goldstone Report and disputing its findings.〔(Gaza Operation Investigation: An Update ), MFA, January 2010.〕 In 2011, Goldstone wrote that he no longer believed that Israel intentionally targeted civilians in Gaza. The other authors of the report, Hina Jilani, Christine Chinkin, and Desmond Travers, rejected Goldstone's re-assessment.〔〔 The United Nations Human Rights Council ordered Israel to conduct various repairs of the damages. On September 21, 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council concluded that 75% of civilian homes destroyed in the attack were not rebuilt.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A/HRC/21/33 of 21 September 2012 )〕 ==Background== The Gaza Strip is a coastal strip of land on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea bordering Egypt and Israel. Israel controls Gaza's airspace and territorial waters and restricts the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza.〔 The UN, Human Rights Watch and many other international bodies and NGOs consider Israel to be the occupying power.〔〔("Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories" ) July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.〕 Israel maintains that its occupation of Gaza ended following the completion of its unilateral disengagement plan in 2005.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm )〕 Following Hamas's electoral victory in the January 2006 legislative elections and formation of the Hamas-led PA government on March, the Quartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) conditioned future foreign assistance to the PA on the future government's commitment to nonviolence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements. Hamas has rejected such demands, leading to Quartet suspension of its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FPC.state.gov )〕 In June 2007, after the military takeover of Gaza by Hamas and the overthrowing of Fatah, the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, dismissed the Hamas-led government and formed a government in the West Bank, bypassing the Hamas-dominated parliament. Israel imposed a ground, air, and maritime blockade, and announced it would allow only humanitarian supplies into the Strip.〔(Gaza under blockade ), BBC, June 15, 2009.〕〔(Anthony H. Cordesman, ‘The "Gaza War": A Strategic Analysis’, Center for Strategic & International Studies, February 2009 ) p. 7〕 Palestinian groups were partially able to bypass the blockade through tunnels, some of which are said to have been used for weapons smuggling. Between 2005 and 2007, Palestinian groups in Gaza fired about 2,700 locally made Qassam rockets into Israel, killing four Israeli civilians and injuring 75 others. During the same period, Israel fired more than 14,600 155 mm artillery shells into the Gaza Strip, killing 59 Palestinians and injuring 270. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, between 2005 and 2008, 116 Israelis, including civilians and Israeli security forces, which includes Israeli police, Israeli Border Police and members of the armed services, were killed in both Israel and the Palestinian Territories in "direct conflict related incidents" and 1,509 were injured. During this time, 1,735 Palestinians, including civilians and militants from various groups, were killed and 8,308 wounded in "direct conflict related incidents".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gaza War (2008–09)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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